Mons Meg is a Middle Ages bombard in the collection of the Royal Armouries, on loan to Historic Environment Scotland and located at Edinburgh Castle in Scotland.
Mons Meg was built in 1449 on the orders of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, and sent by him as a gift to James II, King of Scots, in 1454. The bombard was employed in Siege until the middle of the 16th century, after which it was only fired on ceremonial occasions. In 1680 the barrel burst, rendering Mons Meg unusable. The gun remained in Edinburgh Castle until 1754 when, along with other unused weapons in Scotland, it was taken to the Tower of London. Sir Walter Scott and others campaigned for its return, which was effected in 1829. Mons Meg has since been restored and is now on display within the castle.
Construction
The bombard was manufactured from 25 longitudinal staves of iron, held together with iron hoops
Shrink-fitting into place, to form one piece.
A separate breech for loading is
Screw thread into the rear of the barrel.
The barrel is attached to the powder chamber by means of a groove on the powder chamber into which lugs on the end of the barrel staves fit, and then bound permanently together by the hoops. The powder chamber itself is made from small pieces of iron hammer-welded together to make a solid wrought-iron forging.
Mons Meg has a diameter of , one of the largest ever built,
weighs
and is in length.
History
Mons Meg was constructed by Jehan Cambier, artillery maker to the Duke of Burgundy.
[Morvern French & Roger Mason, 'Art, Artefacts, Artillery', Alexander Fleming & Roger Mason, Scotland and the Flemish People (John Donald, 2019), pp. 110-2.] It was tested at Mons in the County of Hainault in what is now Belgium, in June 1449; the duke did not take delivery of the Mons Meg until 1453. He gave the bombard to Scotland's King James II in 1457 as a sign of his support for the Scottish king, whose marriage he had helped negotiate.
An alternative legend about its manufacture is that it was built by a local blacksmith for the siege of Threave Castle in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright. According to this tale, which was lent credence by Sir Walter Scott, when King James arrived at Threave to besiege the Earl of Douglas, the Clan MacLellan presented him with this bombard. The first shot fired is said to have passed clean through the castle, severing the hand of Margaret, Countess of Douglas, on the way. The gun was subsequently named after "Mollance", the lands given to the blacksmith for his service and "Meg", the name of his wife. Later historians have not taken this legend particularly seriously, not least because of the improbability that such a weapon could be forged by a village smith, as well as there being ample provenance showing its history.
The cannon accepted stone Round shot that weighed . In April 1497, John Mawer elder, one of the castle gunners, made new wheels for Mons Meg and the bombards. The cannon was drawn down the Royal Mile to the sound of minstrels playing, placed on a new carriage or "cradle" and taken to assault Norham Castle in August 1497.[Thomas Dickson, Accounts of the Treasurer, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1877), pp. 328, 347–350.] Regent Albany brought Mons Meg to Stirling Castle in August 1515 to threaten Margaret Tudor, who kept her son James V of Scotland in the castle.[J. S. Brewer, Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, 2:1 (London, 1864), clxxix, 209 no. 788.]
In early years the gun, like the other royal cannon, was painted with red lead to keep it from rusting, which cost 30 shillings in June 1539.[ Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1907), 222.] From the 1540s Meg was retired from service and was fired only on ceremonial occasions from Edinburgh Castle. When it was fired on 3 July 1558, soldiers were paid to find and retrieve the shot from Wardie Muir, near the Firth of Forth, a distance of two miles.[ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1877), ccxxiii footnote; vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1913), lxxv–lxxvi, 367.]
The gun was fired on 30 October 1680 to celebrate a visit by James, Duke of Albany and York (later King James VII), but the barrel burst.[Chambers, Robert (1885). Domestic Annals of Scotland. Edinburgh : W & R Chambers. p. 329.]
The cannon was left outside Foog's Gate at Edinburgh Castle. It was next taken, with other disused ordnance, to the Tower of London in 1754, as a result of the disarming acts against Jacobitism aimed at removing weapons or spare cannon from the reach of rebellious folk.
Naming
The gun is not called "Mons Meg" in any contemporary references until 1678. In 1489, she first appears in record as "Monss" and in the painter's account of 1539 she is called; "Monce in the castell", the only piece with an individual name. In 1650 she was noted as "Muckle Meg".
[ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 1, Edinburgh (1877), ccxx–ccxxiii, 115.] "Meg" may either be a reference to Margaret of Denmark, queen of James III of Scotland, or simply an alliteration, while Mons was one of the locations where the cannon was tested. McKenzie records that this class of artillery was known as a
murderer and Mons Meg was certainly described as such.
[McKenzie, Page 319] Mons Meg was made in the town of Mons (now the Walloon French-speaking part of Belgium) or Bergen (in Dutch as in those days it was part of Flanders). Three cannons were founded: one resides in Edinburgh, one in the Flemish town of Ghent at the Friday Market, and one in France (but that one disappeared ages ago). The one in Ghent can be visited today, undamaged. The cannon is named "
Dulle Griet" which translates into "Mad Meg".
Evolution of the carriage
For a while in its early days, the gun sat on a plain box without any wheels. Evidently, when Mons Meg was removed from Edinburgh Castle in 1754, its carriage had long since rotted away. A contemporary account describes her as lying "on the ground" near the innermost gate to the castle.
[Blair, Claude (1967) "A New Carriage for Mons Meg" Journal of the Arms and Armour Society London V(12) pages 431–452] Presumably the Ordnance Board fabricated a new carriage after her arrival at the Tower. In 1835, after the return of Mons Meg to Edinburgh Castle, the London-made carriage rotted away too and fabrication of a cast-iron replacement was undertaken; the new carriage weighed three-and-a-half tons and cost £53.
Mons Meg is now mounted on a reproduction of the carriage depicted in a carving of 1500 on a wall of Edinburgh Castle, built in 1934 at a cost of £178 and paid for by the Lord Provost of Edinburgh.
See also
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List of the largest cannon by caliber
Sources
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Gaier, Claude (1967) The Origin of Mons Meg. Journal of the Arms and Armour Society London V(12) 425–431
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Grose, Francis (1801) Military Antiquities respecting a History of the English Army from the Conquest to the Present Time. T. Egerton and G. Kearsley London, UK
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Hewitt, J (1853) Mons Meg the ancient bombard, preserved at Edinburgh castle. Archeological Journal 10 25–32
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Lead, Peter (1984) Mons Meg: A Royal Cannon. Mennock Publishing Cheshire, UK
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Lead, Peter (2021) Mons Meg - a symbol of Scotland. Catrine: Stenlake Publishing Ltd
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McKenzie, Agnes Mure (1948). Scottish Pageant 1513–1625. Edinburgh : Oliver & Boyd.
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Norris, John (2003) Early Gunpowder Artillery 1300–1600 Motorbooks International
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Paul, James Balfour, Sir (1915–1916) Ancient Artillery. With Some Notes on Mons Meg. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 50 191–201
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Sands, Kathleen (1999) Though one of the best-documented of medieval bombards, Mons Meg was the subject of exaggeration and legend Military History. 16(3) 22–23
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Walter Scott (1817) Waverley Novels, Rob Roy (Notes G) Edinburgh
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Smith, Robert D and Brown, Ruth Rhynas Bombards- Mons Meg and her sisters Royal Armouries Monograph 1
External links
